The residue was filtered out using a commercially available tea server. Identification of two cold watersoluble polysaccharides. Different extraction methods also yield different quantities of active compounds. The recommended daily dose is between 12 and 75 mg in relation to the ephedra alkaloids. Pdf selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra. The process of extracting ephedra herbage in a constant electric field has been studied. Request pdf chemical variation in the essential oil ofephedra sinica from northeastern china hydrodistillated volatile oils of ephedra sinica stapf. Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine. Separation of three ephedra alkaloids using gcms analysis by kira tokarz abstract ephedra, a plant extract, is known to contain six alkaloidsephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and methylpseudoephedrine. Ephedra ephedra sinica plant profiler sigmaaldrich. The present invention relates to a method for isolating ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf, which is a representative medicinal herb, at a high yield, and to an adjuvant for enhancing immunity containing the ephedrine as an active ingredient. To facilitate the extraction procedure, the container was placed. The chapter presents mainly on different extraction methods of tannin.
Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2, diethylamine, and methanol. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica. Method for separating ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf at a high yield, and adjuvant for enhancing immunity containing ephedrine as an active ingredient download pdf. These two alkaloids were first prepared by nagai 3 and merck 4 respectively. Unlike commonly used herbs such as radix astragali, zingiberis rhizoma, and radix ginseng. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by using 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazylhydrate assay. Efficiently prepared ephedrine alkaloidsfree ephedra herb. Ephedra extract contain active and inert compounds that are found in the plant.
Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in botanicals and dietary. Among the modifiers employed, methanol containing 10% vv of diethylamine showed greater enhancement of sfe efficiency for ephedrine derivatives than any. Pdf the effect of modifiers has been investigated on the sfe efficiencies of ephedrine. So far swip has found out that the best way to extract the alkaloids from the plat matter is either of the following. Mahuang is a traditional chinese medicinal herb derived from ephedra sinica stapf and.
A new method involving concurrent solidphase microextraction combined with continuous hydrodistillation of essential oil was developed. Chinese ephedra, mahuang, ma huang is an evergreen shrub native to asia. This method is made easier than taking the herb in plain water or inform of powder directly. By adopting the processes such as alkalization, extraction with xylene and extraction with oxalic acid, tedious processes in the prior art can be simplified, and high purity ephedrine can be quickly and effectively extracted. The process provided by the invention comprises the following steps. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. A promising cleaner approach, including chemical extraction, separation and purification by membranes separation technology, for producing ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf was introduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, screening the phytogenic chemical compounds, and to assess the alkaloids present in the e. Mahuang is a traditional chinese medicinal herb derived from ephedra sinica stapf and other ephedra species, used to treat asthma, nose and lung congestion, and fever with anhidrosis.
Opportunity and challenges in application of extraction methods are also exhibited in the chapter. The main kinetic characteristics of the electroextraction of the total alkaloids as functions of various factors. The invention relates to an extraction process of ephedrine, and belongs to the technical field of extraction of effective components in traditional chinese medicines. According to the 2015 edition of the chinese pharmacopoeia, mahuang is dry stems of ephedra sinica stapf, e. Ephedra sinica or mahuang is an evergreen shrub native to central asia. Ephedra sinica, ephedra intermediaand ephedra distachyavar. The inventors of the present invention performed a process at an ultrahigh pressure to efficiently obtain ephedrine from ephedra. It is included in a number of pharmacopeias including the chinese, german. The leafless stems are pale green when young and olive brown with age. Taking the shorter runtime an d good resolution into consideration, 25 mm borate buffer solution was selected an d the maximum resolution was obtained. Witkamp, in comprehensive natural products ii, 2010. Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street. Some technical means required for effective extraction are also presented, for example, collection and treatment of plant and drying and storage of plant. Ma huang ephedra scenically referred to as ephedra sinica has been used for years as an antisleep herb.
Ephedra sinica in the practice of traditional chinese. A new uplcmsms method for the characterization and. Ephedra usspecific page on ephedrinecontaining dietary supplements. Cleaner production of ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf. Ephedrine is used for temporary relief of shortness of breath. Hurlbut and carr developed an hplc procedure utilizing solidphase extraction spe to quantify ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplements 9. Ephedra sinica, known in chinese as ma huang, is a plant used in traditional chinese medicine. The ephedra extract is extremely effective in the weight loss field, as a suppressant, as well as in promoting weight loss and energy. The sample is extracted with ethyl ether and submitted to gcms for identification and quantitation without derivatization. Ephedra species and preparations from ephedra species6 and ephedrine7 are prescription drugs annex i, amvv. Having both the e drug contents and the cytotoxicity data, an optimal extraction process was identified in which a. Separation and quantification of component polysaccharides.
This new methodology allowed for the detection by gcms of very small amounts of a diagnostic peak for the authentication of ephedra sinica, in a short period of time and using only small sample sizes. Separation and quantification of component monosaccharides o f cold watersoluble polysaccharides from ephedra sinica by mecc with photodiode array detector 465 concentrations. It has been shown that the application of an electric field considerably accelerates the isolation of the alkaloid molecules from the cellulose of the plant raw material. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2. Based on this metabolomic recognition, one of nine commercial ephedra materials evaluated was shown to be a mixture of ephedra species. A simple, sensitive, and reliable method using gas chromatography gcmass spectrometry ms is developed for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids and 2,3,5,6tetramethylpyrazine tmp in ephedra sinica stapf. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant ephedra sinica.
Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b. Male and female flowers are found on separate plants. Several additional species belonging to the genus ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of indoiranian religion. Chemical variation in the essential oil ofephedra sinica. What is the difference between ephedra and ephedra extract. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine are mainly due to its action as a sympathicomimetic compound. Not considered as the preferred treatment but is used to treat narcolepsy and obesity ephedrine is a decongestant and bronchodilator ma huang plant also known as ephedra sinica is the source where ephedrine is extracted from. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death ma huang has been used in traditional chinese medicine for. Chiral separation of ephedrine alkaloids from ephedra sinica extract. Metabolic fingerprinting of ephedra species using hnmr. When react the raw product from a crude ephedra extraction, you will get a product which contains most methamphetamin and a little amphetamine and. Steam distillationsolidphase microextraction for the. Occasionally, an ovulate flower may be replaced by a staminal flower, and thus the strobilus becomes bisporangiate as in e.
It has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years. Among the modifiers employed, methanol containing 10% vv of diethylamine showed greater enhancement of sfe efficiency for ephedrine derivatives than any other modifiers evaluated in this study. Jennas simple, high yeilding ephedra extraction, stimulants and rhodium ephedra. Separation and determination of ephedrine alkaloids and. Ephedra sinica in tcm ephedra is a commonly used herb in chinese medicine for thousands of years, being included as one of more than 360 herbs on the first herbal compendium written more than 2,000 years ago. Ephedra sinica, known as ma huang, is one of the oldest medicinal herbs in traditional chinese medicine tcm. In the present work, the extraction and isolation of ephedrae polysaccharides was performed by cold water and ethanol precipitation to yield crude polysaccharide, then the sevag method was used to remove protein components after redissolution of the crude polysaccharides. Ephedra herb terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica, scutellaria root root of scutellaria baicalensis, and kampo formulas that contain several crude drugs including ephedra herb and scutellaria root were powdered, and then immersed in hot water to extract the ingredients. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2, diethylamine, and methanol article pdf available in chromatographia 5011. In conjunction with an aoac task group on dietary supplements, a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry lcmsms method was validated for measurement of 6 major alkaloids in raw ephedra sinica herb, ephedra extracts, ephedra tablets, complex dietary supplements containing ephedra, and a highprotein drink mix containing. Ephedra herb eh is officially defined as the terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica stapf, ephedra intermedia schrenk et c. Of these six alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are present in. Wo2012011619a1 method for separating ephedrine from.
Eh is a component of kampo japanese traditional herbal medicine formulae for the treatment of headaches. When it comes to ephedra, the alkaloids of ephedrine in the plant matter are in its natural free base form, and is soluble in most solvents. Electrochemical extraction of alkaloids from ephedra herbage. The parts of the plant above the ground are collected. The method was successively applied to the determination of the ephedrine enantiomers in the chinese herbal extract from ephedra sinica and its medicinal. Commission e of the federal health bureau has assessed ephedra haulm, consisting of the dried young switches of ephedra sinica, ephedra shennungiana or similar ephedra species harvested in autumn and preparations in effective doses. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are active constituents of e. A new highlight of ephedra alata decne properties as. Meyer, or ephedra equisetina bunge ephedraceae in the japanese pharmacopoeia 16th edition jp16. Ephedra sinica also known as chinese ephedra or ma huang is a plant species native to mongolia, russia buryatiya, chita, primorye, and northeastern china gansu, hebei, heilongjiang, jilin, liaoning, nei mongol, ningxia, shaanxi, shanxi see also.
How to extract ephedrine from the ma huang plant quora. Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant. Pdf selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements. Cytotoxicity assessment of mahuang ephedra under different. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Ephedra sinica ephedraceae the ephedra plant belongs to the gnetum family gnetaceae. Ephedra is dioecious, and the two sex organs are present on different plants. The effect of modifiers has been investigated on the sfe efficiencies of ephedrine derivatives e.
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